INDICATORS FOR ECONOMIC CORRIDOR DEVELOPMENT: AN APPROACH FROM INFRASTRUCTURE OPERATION AND SERVICES PERFORMANCE INDICATOR

The concept of economic corridor was introduced to be a breakthrough in the acceleration of economy development of the designated areas. The success of an economic corridor to grow further is determined by the performance of infrastructure, corridor services, and management of the corridor. The study aims at explaining the concept and process development of assessment tools to identify the service readiness and performances of Infrastructure to support development progress of corridors. A desk study has been conducted to identify parameters of measurements using public, government, and user views that might apply to Indonesian Economic Corridor. All parameters and indicators were selected on the basis of supply performances, quality of services, efficiency, utilization, and sustainability of the infrastructure. The study results in 9 outcomes and 31 infrastructure services indicators to be used in measuring corridor performance in relation infrastructure operations of the corridor. This only one side of the corridor performance assessment process but would be one of two important steps to able to assess the performance of Indonesian Economic Corridor grow beyond.


1.
Introduction Corridor development as part of Spatial Development Initiative (SDI) have been widely introduced to enable faster economic development. Indonesia has adopted the concept as part of the Master Plan for Acceleration and Expansion of Indonesia Economic Development (MP3EI) forming 6 Thematic-National Wide (Zone 2) corridor that lay over major islands of Indonesia. Theoretically, the benefit of corridor concept in accelerating economy development would be determined from the performance of infrastructure, corridor services, and management of the corridor, which interact between each others that performs corridor operation, planning integration process, and well managed standards and regulations.
Infrastructure is major determinant influencing the performance of Corridor. The parameter that is used to measure infrastructure related performances includes the operation of infrastructure in relation to accessibility and capacity, service quality, efficiency, and its utilization. Based on ability of corridor to perform services on transport and logistic, production, accommodating certain living standards, and managing risks and sustainable development, a corridor then progressing their development stage.
In a number of studies, measurement upon corridor performance have been conducted in many different ways. To certain stages it is apparent that infrastructure performances has been used as tools of measurement. However, due to nature of corridor program that focuses more upon economic growth, it is appear that infrastructure performance also emphasized for transport and logistics support and productions. A number of important parameters to enable continuing growth of corridors seems to be overlooked. This study, therefore attempts to discover important parameters and indicators to be applied in promoting corridor development. This is a preliminary study to scan potential indicators in relation to infrastructure services that should be provided to enable a corridor grow beyond transport corridor. Review upon a number of corridor and infrastructure performance yields in a set of measurement indicators in relation to infrastructure operation and integrated planning.

2.
Understanding a corridor and its basic features A corridor is defined as a narrow area lays along a backbone infrastructure that has economic potential to grow. It is characterized by the development of center of economic activities and services [7]. Some differentiate corridor on the basis of it size and its thematic development. Size of corridors may vary following the need for connection that is considered to be effective in to make significant improvement in logistics movement as basic support to production improvement and economic growth. Based on its size, a transportation corridor can be categorized into, national-narrow (Zone I), national-broad (Zone II), regional-narrow (Zone III), or regional-broad (Zone IV) corridor [19]. While in relation to development progress a corridor categorized as transport corridor, multimodal corridor, logistics corridor, economic corridor, and growth corridor [2,14] Source: [3] Fig. 1 -Concept of Economic Corridor Srivastava [19] highlighted the importance of zonal category as it is closely related to focuses of corridor development and interests of initiating organization. International organizations, such as Asian Development Bank or the World Bank, initiated a number of regional corridors in association with effort in promoting more efficient logistics and even growth opportunities between countries. Others initiator, can be national government or a bilateral cooperation, develop corridor program in association with a need for better transportation and logistics distribution, to support a more efficient production as well as improving local environment and quality of life [14].
As a Spatial Development Initiative (SDI) a corridor is established to sort out planning problems that is characterized by the tendency of internal strengthening of growth poles that may cause adverse economy attraction between poles. This would also answer the hierarchical and rigid planning process that blocks smooth integration between stakeholders [17]. Normally, the commitment of corridor started with mutual understanding between governments, national government or regional organizations to provide and utilize infrastructure as common needs in accommodating productivity and economic growth [5,15]. This has transformed the orientation of infrastructure services and development to productivity rather than spreading the service of the infrastructure. As a consequence, large service capacity of infrastructure is dedicated to support the development of production areas and the spill would be used for the surrounding areas. Therefore, strong coordination and good communication to enable balance support to corridor investment in any sectors are required.
In association with activities that characterised a corridor, there are a number of thematic corridor have been introduced. Indonesia, with respect to the Presidential Regulation no 32 year 2011, associate Indonesia Economic Corridor with major activities and commodities that is expected to support future competitiveness of the nation [3]. Out of 6 economic corridors which are planned to become pillars of Competitiveness of Indonesia in 2050, a number of themes of corridors were introduced, namely Industrial, Agro-Industry, Tourism and Fisheries, and Energy and mining industry corridor. India has also developed a well-known Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor (DMIC). These themes, more likely to exhibit focused sectors that is expected to be major-economic driver in the future. Accordingly, infrastructure, services, and regulations, within the corridor should be adjusted accordingly. Banomyong [2] divides the transformation progress of corridor into 4 (four) stages, namely, transportation corridor, multimodal corridor, logistics corridor, and economic corridor. Other researcher [14] categorized the transformation process into transportation corridor, logistics corridor, economic corridor, and growth corridor. In early stage of corridor development, it is characterized by physical connection of transport infrastructures that is followed services for either passenger or freight transport. At this stage, it is named as Transport Corridor, wherein coordination in logistics that allows for a measurable performance in delivery, including well scheduled shipping as well as trace and track, does not exist. A transport corridor then is transformed to a Logistics Corridor. In a Logistics Corridor, the coordination between infrastructure, services, and institutional arrangement leads to efficient and competitive logistic system. Being economic corridor, production estates required to their accommodation toward wider investment areas, including incubating SMEs and start-up companies, to complement main investors of the corridor that create better synergy as an economy clusters. Eventually activity of economic corridor would lead to a growth corridor which integrates high quality livings with economic activities. The demand for infrastructure services within the progress of corridor development would have to be supplied in accordingly. The transformation process is exhibited by Nogales [14] in Fig. 2.

Stages of Development and Performance of a corridor
Examples of success story of corridors that completely growth includes the Northeast Corridor, or well known as Boston-Washington Corridor [9], and Tokaido (Tokyo-Osaka) Corridor [21]. Other corridors that showed positive progress are Alameda Corridor-California, Greater Mekong Sub-Corridor, Maputo Corridor, and West African Corridor [5,12,17,20] . Despite the contradictory in socio-economic and uneven quality of life of the corridor due to wide coverage of the corridor [9, 21], NEC and Tokaido can be considered to be examples of excellent corridor development wherein transport infrastructures have brings in gradual development from transportation to economy and ultimately becoming a modern living environment [9,13,21].

-Stages in Corridor Development
As part of Spatial Development Initiative (SDI), a corridor development program usually involves synergy between 3 basic features, namely Infrastructure, transportation and logistics services, and institutional establishment [7]. As it has been done in many regional corridor programs, Infrastructure development was taken to be triggering project then followed by establishing a corridor management, and systematically improve transport and logistic services, as well as improving investment atmosphere in association with corridor activity. Consequently, the Evaluation upon the effectiveness of a corridor program also considers the progress of these basic features as major parameter [4,16] Kunaka and Charruthers [7] illustrates corridor performance as an inter-relation between infrastructure, institution, and services in Fig. 3. Parameters to measure within the inter-relation include corridor operations, planning integration, and standards and regulations. Corridor Operations to be concerned would consist of Integration of intra services, Access for Third Party, and Interoperability between sub systems. In Planning integrations, concerned matters would include Infrastructure Priority, Area Interconnection, and Infrastructure Investment, while Standards and regulations require to establish would include Access Rights, Transit Regime, and Service Contracts. This model brings in ideas how corridor performance would be measured and determined whether or not the corridor is going to be effectively support economic growth.
inventory of indicators. There are 11 research papers found relevant and having specific concerns upon the need of corridor infrastructure using various different perspectives. They suggested indicators to be used in assessing corridor performance. The perspectives used include perspectives, users, government, and the general public [1,5,7], policy makers [4] micro and macroeconomic perspectives [18] ; service reliability perspective [8,16] and sustainable supply chain [15]. Of these, 191 indicators were identified including the parameters of supply performance, service quality, efficiency and utilization as well as risk control and sustainability.
Step 2 includes numerically coding every indicators to detect typical and potentially corelated indicators which can be seen from the code numbers. This step results in 164 indicators, which are considered to be non-identical.
Step 3 then regrouped the indicators to 6 different slots, namely (1) general performance indicator, (2) outcome indicator, (3) Transport and Logistics Services Indicators, (4) Production support Indicators, (5) Quality of life support indicators, and (6) Sustainable Growth Indicators. There are 60 indicators found relevant related to these slots from 3 elements of corridor performance. After such process, a number of indicators in relation to institution performances were filtered to make the set suits the context of the research. From the whole process 44 indicators were yielded in, and 31 out of those were associated with infrastructures and its operations.

5.
Results Through a 4 steps selection process, including, regrouping, coding, and screening similar indicator based on research context, 31 indicators in relation to infrastructure services were found. The set consist of 12 indicators of transportation and logistic services (LOG), 6 indicators of production support (PRO), 7 indicators for services of quality of life (QOL), and 6 indicators of sustainable growth (GRO). Corridor that is able to perform these services can be predicted to develop sustainably and provide sufficient support to economic development and acceleration.

Transport and Logistics Readiness
The screening process against indicators that is collected from previous researchers resulted in 12 services. These indicators are considered to be influencing factors in determining transport and logistics performance that can drive corridor to grow further. They consist of availability and performance of these services would describe soundness of connectivity and quality of Infrastructure, modal reliability, scope and quality of services, efficiency, utilization, and risks control in logistics and transportation. Infrastructures which are related to logistics and transportation performance of a corridor include transport backbone, alternative transport mode and intermodal facility, ports, safety infrastructure, and high-speed internet services.

Production Support Readiness
In a formally developed economic corridor, the provision of infrastructure services is designed to support the growth of corridor elements, such as industrial estates and special economic zones (SEZ) to ensure efficient production services. Important issues related to production support are the availability of raw water for production, the availability of clean industrial water, the availability of energy, and the availability of high speed internet and broadband services to enable smart production can be carried out. These issues would be great concerns because they determine the capacity of the production estates and required infrastructure for production support.

Quality of Life Support Readiness
The growth of the population in settlement areas along the corridor become an important target for infrastructure services. This to ensure that the economy grows accordingly. In line with that, the development of new cities, either in the form of Transit Oriented Development (TOD), or cities that support industry is an opportunity that should not be ignored because of its feasibility and economies of scale. In addition, it can also encourage the availability of a more productive and sustainable living. Services, that are predicted having strong influences on Quality of Life Support (QOL) includes settlement services and basic housing facilities. These include drinking water for domestic use, waste water, storm water and solid waste management. These infrastructures are basic infrastructures that contribute greatly in reducing the inefficiency of the community in providing live support and health as well as affecting comfort living. The extraction of several previous studies results in 7 infrastructure services considered important to support the quality of life as presented in Table 3.

Sustainable Growth Readiness
International experience shows that integration planning between infrastructure, production, and economic activities with non-economic activities, accompanied by adequate branding will be the success key to achieving the ultimate status of the corridor. In addition to economic infrastructure, corridor access to health, education, social, and cultural facilities must be prepared as part of an integrated corridor development. Therefore, when planning leads to the development of modern corridors, all the facilities that are expected to become machines that can drive faster and sustainable growth along with strong branding need to be properly prepared, synchronised, and widely opened for investment and financing commitments.

Conclusion and Further Works 7.1 Conclusion
The performance of corridor is obviously able to be approached from its infrastructure through a set of infrastructure service performance indicators. This much clearer for a national corridor wherein corridor management refers to national government. In this situation, service standards and regulations are set as national based regulation that is affecting the whole corridors within the country. This also applies to Indonesia Economic Corridor which commenced in 2011 and consisted 6 economic corridors.
In ensuring corridor development, it is imperative to provide comprehensive infrastructure services in 4 areas, including transport and logistics, water supply and sanitation, energy, and bandwidth. These are dedicated as transport and logistics support, production supports, quality of life support, and sustainable growth and risks control to enable a corridor follow development staging from transport corridor to ultimate stage as growth corridor.
There are 31 indicators can be used to enable comprehensive assessment of infrastructure readiness of a corridor. These can also be used to assess stage of development of a corridor and plan for program for the corridor to proceed to the next stage. The 31 indicators consists of 12 indicators for transport and logistic related services, 6 indicators for production support, 7 indicators for quality of life, and 6 indicators for sustainable growth.

Further Works
As it has been emphasized by Kunaka and Carruthers (2014), assessing a corridor performance would need comprehensive assessment of the interaction between performances of infrastructure, services, and corridor institution. This would include assessment upon operational corridor, planning integration, and the availability and compliance toward of relevant standards and regulations. The 31 indicators resulted ini this study are not only applied in assessing operational status of infrastructure corridor, but also an important tools in assessing planning integrations that might indicates level of suitability and supply effectivity of corridor infrastructure. To be able to do such work, it is important to find out the relative importance of the infrastructure services and determine level of infrastructure integration plan of the corridor.