Analyzing the Factors Affecting Profit Distribution on Islamic Banking

This research aims to analyze the internal and external factors that have a significant effect on Islamic bank profit distributions so that it can inform the formulation of Islamic bank strategies. The analytical method used is panel data regression. The selected model is Fixed Effect Model, then tested by t-test and f-test. All independent variables in the study simultaneously affect the dependent variable. Partially, there are internal factors that have a significant effect on the profit sharing, namely Main Operating Revenue (POU), Earning Asset based on Collectability (KAP), Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Net Return (NI), Return on Equity (ROE), and the ratio of Operating Expenses to Operating Revenue (BOPO), while internal factors that do not have a significant influence are Depositor Funds (DPK) and Return on Assets (ROA). The external factors that have a significant influence are the conventional bank's 3-month deposit interest rate and inflation, while the external factor of BI rate does not have a significant influence on the profit-sharing of customers.


INTRODUCTION
The development of Islamic banking practices in Indonesia and abroad is clear evidence that the Islamic economy has begun to adapt to the conventional economy which has long been the framework of people's lives in Indonesia and the world. Islamic banking in Indonesia began in 1991 with the establishment of its first Islamic bank, namely PT Bank Muamalat Indonesia on November 1 that year (Muamalat, 2016), and continues to grow until now. In 2020, there are 14 Sharia Commercial Banks (Bank Umum Syariah, BUS) with 2,034 offices, and 20 Sharia Business Units (Unit Usaha Syariah, UUS) with 392 offices, which is equivalent to 7.79% of the total banking office channeling in Indonesia (Keuangan, 2021). In terms of assets, Indonesian Islamic banking in 2020 recorded an increase from the previous year of 13.23%. However, its achievement in terms of market share is still small, amounting to 6.08% of total banking assets in Indonesia. This means that the banking market in Indonesia is still dominated by conventional banking at 93.92% (Keuangan, 2021). The provision of returns to depositors in Islamic banks is different from conventional banks. The amount of return in Islamic banks is adjusted to the amount of income received by Islamic banks, while in conventional banks this is based on the interest rate set at the beginning of an account opening. Therefore, the return provided by Islamic banks will not be the same each month, in contrast to conventional banks, where depositors will receive the same interest every month.
Profit-sharing in Islamic banking is usually given to third-party depositors with a mudharabah contract every month based on the Main Operational Revenue obtained by the bank from distributing funds in earning assets (aktiva produktif), namely profitable assets by the selling of goods, profit-sharing, or leasing schemes.
Islamic banking is expected to provide depositors with a higher return than conventional banks so that it can attract more depositors to put their funds in Islamic banks, as well as increase the market share of Islamic banking in Indonesia. This is also due to the fact that the majority of Indonesian people are rational customers in dealing with banks (expecting high returns/profit-sharing) and Islamic banks can be an option for saving funds for both Muslim and non-Muslim communities.
Based on the above background, the authors wish to conduct more in-depth research on the factors that can encourage the competitiveness of Islamic banking, both against fellow Islamic banks and conventional banks, considering the slow development of Islamic banking assets in Indonesia which is still a common concern.
This research uses BUS and UUS financial data published on the official websites of each Islamic bank and the websites of the Financial Services Authority of Indonesia (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, OJK) and the central bank of Indonesia (Bank Indonesia, BI) for 6 (six) years from 2015 to 2020.

METHOD
This research is a quantitative study, consisting of eleven independent variables and one dependent  BOPO), BI rate, 3-months deposit interest rate in conventional commercial bank, and inflation. Meanwhile, the dependent variable is the profit sharing of Islamic banking. The data source comes from secondary data in the form of financial statements from 2015 to 2020. Data analysis uses multiple linear regression.
The data which is the object of this research are quarterly financial statements of all Sharia Commercial Banks (BUS) and Sharia Business Units (UUS) operating in Indonesia during the financial reporting period of 2015 to 2020 (6 years), which has been officially published on the websites of each BUS and UUS, the Financial Services Authority of Indonesia (OJK), and Bank Indonesia (BI). The researcher will test the influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable. Its influence will be studied both separately and simultaneously. The research mechanism can be seen in the following framework:  In conducting the test, the systematics of data analysis techniques are: 1. Model fit test; 2. Regression analysis to explain the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variable. The next step is the f-test, R 2 test, and t-test.
To determine whether such a model can be BLUE (Best Linear Unbiased Estimators), then the following tests are carried out: heteroscedasticity test, multicollinearity test, and autocorrelation test, and; 3. Data interpretation.
The data analysis technique of this research is panel data analysis, which analyzes the combination of various types of data (Winarno, 2009). The panel data analyzed is a combination of cross-sectional data and time-series data (Putri, 2020). The analysis was carried out by using a regression test of the dependent variable and the independent variable. According to Ghozali (2009), the regression test examines the influence of the independent variables on the dependent variable. Furthermore, the evaluation was carried out using an econometric model and tested using Stata Ver 14.2 software.
According to Wibisono (cited in Basuki (2015), the advantages of panel data regression are: 1. Accounts for individual heterogeneity in panel data; 2. The ability to control heterogeneity into panel data and used in testing the behavior of more complex models; 3. Panel data used is based on repeated cross-sectional observations and can be used as SDA; 4. The intensity of observation can have implications for informative and varied data; 5. Panel data is used to study complex subjects, and; 6. Panel data is used to eliminate bias.
Other than the various advantages of the panel data model, there are also problems that may arise from the use of panel data, namely problems of heteroscedasticity, autocorrelation, and crosscorrelation. Usman (2005) describes the estimation of the panel data model that can be done using processing techniques such as the Ordinary Least Square (OLS)/Pooled Least Square (PLS) Model, Fixed Effect, and Random Effect Model.

Result
Based on the test results from the Chow test and Hausman test, the correct model in this study is the Fixed Effect Model. (Prob > F) = 0.0000 means (Prob > F) < Alpha (0.05) in the sense that all IV combined (simultaneously) can have an effect on the dependent variable (l_baghas). Partial Test (t-test) The test results for each parameter/independent factor in the regression model show that: The t-test at  = 5% found a value of 0.691 > 0.05 which indicates that the hypothesis H0: β1 = 0 is accepted, or H1 : β1 ≠ 0 is rejected. It means that the amount of Depositor Funds (DPK) does not significantly affect the profit-sharing in Islamic banking. So, the hypothesis of the effect of Depositor Funds (DPK) on profit-sharing in Islamic banking is proven not to be evident.
The l_dpk regression coefficient of -0.0096 states that for every IDR1 growth of Depositor Funds, the profit-sharing in sharia banking with mudharabah funds will decrease by IDR0.0096. Hypothesis testing (2): H0 : β2 = 0, This means that the Main Operating Revenue does not significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. H1 : β2 ≠ 0, This means that the Main Operating Revenue does significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. The t-test at  = 5% found a value of 0.000 < 0.05 which indicates that the hypothesis H0 : β2 = 0 is rejected, or H1 : β2 ≠ 0 is accepted. It means that the Main Operating Revenue does significantly affect the distribution of profit-sharing in Islamic banking. So that the hypothesis of the effect of Main Operating Revenue on the provision of profit-sharing in Islamic banking is proven (significantly positive of 1%).
The l_pou regression coefficient of 1.0991 states that for every IDR1 growth in Main Operating Revenue, the profit-sharing in sharia banking with mudharabah funds will increase by IDR1.0991. Hypothesis testing (3): H0 : β3 = 0, This means that the Earning Assets based on Collectability (KAP) does not significantly affect the determination of the customers profitsharing. H1 : β3 ≠ 0, This means that the Earning Assets based on Collectability (KAP) does significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. The t-test at  = 5% found a value of 0.000 < 0.05 which indicates that the hypothesis H0 : β3 = 0 is rejected, or H1 : β3 ≠ 0 is accepted. It means that the Earning Assets based on Collectability (KAP) does significantly affect the distribution of profit-sharing in Islamic banking. So that the hypothesis of the effect of Earning Assets based on Collectability (KAP) on the provision of profit-sharing in Islamic banking is proven (significantly negative of 1%).
The kap regression coefficient of -0.6182 generalizes that for every 1% growth (delta) of the Earning Assets based on Collectability measure, profit-sharing in sharia banking with mudharabah funds will decrease by IDR0.6182. Hypothesis testing (4): H0 : β4 = 0, This means that the FDR does not significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. H1 : β4 ≠ 0, This means that the FDR does significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. The t-test at  = 5% found a value of 0.000 < 0.05 which indicates that the hypothesis H0 : β4 = 0 is rejected, or H1 : β4 ≠ 0 is accepted. It means that the FDR does significantly affect the distribution of profit-sharing in Islamic banking. So that the hypothesis of the effect of FDR on the provision of profit-sharing in Islamic banking is proven (significantly negative of 1%).
The FDR regression coefficient of -0.1136 means that for every 1% growth in the Financing to Deposits Ratio, the profit-sharing in Islamic banking with mudharabah muthlaqah funds will decrease by IDR0.1136. Hypothesis testing (5): H0 : β5 = 0, This means that the Net Return does not significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. H1 : β5 ≠ 0, This means that the Net Return does significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing.
The t-test at  = 5% found a value of 0.000 < 0.05 which indicates that the hypothesis H0 : β5 = 0 is rejected, or H1 : β5 ≠ 0 is accepted. It means that the Net Return does significantly affect the distribution of profit-sharing in Islamic banking. So that the hypothesis of the effect of Net Return on the provision of profit-sharing in Islamic banking is proven (significantly negative of 1%).
The ni regression coefficient of -2.3778 states that for every 1% increase in Net Return, the profitsharing in Islamic banking with mudharabah funds will decrease by IDR2.3778. Hypothesis testing (6): H0 : β6 = 0, This means that the Return on Asset does not significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. H1 : β6 ≠ 0, This means that the Return on Asset does significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. The t-test at  = 5% found a value of 0.996 > 0.05 which indicates that the hypothesis H0 : β6 = 0 is accepted, or H1 : β6 ≠ 0 is rejected. It means that the ROA does not significantly affect the distribution of profit-sharing in Islamic banking. So that the hypothesis of the effect of ROA on the provision of profit-sharing in Islamic banking is not proven.
The roa regression coefficient of -0.0019 states that for every 1% increase in ROA, the profit-sharing in Islamic banking with mudharabah funds will decrease by IDR0.0019. Hypothesis testing (7): H0 : β7 = 0, This means that the Return on Equity does not significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. H1 : β7 ≠ 0, This means that the Return on Equity does significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. The t-test at  = 5% found a value of 0.000 < 0.05 which indicates that the hypothesis H0 : β7 = 0 is rejected, or H1 : β7 ≠ 0 is accepted. It means that the Return on Equity does significantly affect the distribution of profit-sharing in Islamic banking.
The roe regression coefficient of 0.1235 states that for every 1% increase in ROE, the profit-sharing in Islamic banking with mudharabah funds will increase by IDR0.1235. Hypothesis testing (8): H0 : β8 = 0, This means that the ratio of Operating Expenses to Operating Revenue does not significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. H1 : β8 ≠ 0, This means that the ratio of Operating Expenses to Operating Revenue does significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. The t-test at  = 5% found a value of 0.000 < 0.05 which indicates that the hypothesis H0 : β8 = 0 is rejected, or H1 : β8 ≠ 0 is accepted. It means that BOPO does significantly affect the distribution of profitsharing in Islamic banking. So that the hypothesis of the effect of BOPO on the provision of profit-sharing in Islamic banking is proven (significantly positive of 1%).
The bopo regression coefficient of 0.3189 states that for every 1% increase in BOPO, the profit-sharing in Islamic banking with mudharabah funds will increase by IDR0.3189. Hypothesis testing (9): H0 : β9 = 0, This means that the BI rate does not significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. H1 : β9 ≠ 0, This means that the BI rate does significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. The t-test at  = 5% found a value of 0.327 > 0.05 which indicates that the hypothesis H0 : β9 = 0 is accepted, or H1 : β9 ≠ 0 is rejected. It means that the BI rate does not significantly affect the distribution of profit-sharing in Islamic banking.
The bir regression coefficient of -0.5251 states that for every 1% increase in BI Rate, the profitsharing in Islamic banking with mudharabah funds will decrease by IDR0.5251. Hypothesis testing (10): H0 : β10 = 0, This means that the 3-months deposit interest rate in conventional commercial bank does not significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. H1 : β10 ≠ 0, This means that the 3-months deposit interest rate in conventional commercial bank does significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. The t-test at  = 5% found a value of 0.001 < 0.05 which indicates that the hypothesis H0 : β10 = 0 is rejected, or H1 : β10 ≠ 0 is accepted. It means that the 3-months deposit interest rate in conventional commercial bank does significantly affect the distribution of profit-sharing in Islamic banking. So that the hypothesis of the effect of the 3-months deposit interest rate in conventional commercial bank on the provision of profit-sharing in Islamic banking is proven (significantly positive of 1%).
The i regression coefficient of 2.7569 states that for every 1% increase in the 3-months deposit interest rate in conventional commercial bank, the profitsharing in Islamic banking with mudharabah funds will increase by IDR2.7569. Hypothesis testing (11): H0 : β11 = 0, This means that inflation does not significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. H1 : β11 ≠ 0, This means that inflation does significantly affect the determination of the customers profit-sharing. The t-test at  = 5% found a value of 0.064 > 0.05 but 0.064 < 0.1 which indicates that the hypothesis H0 : β11 = 0 is accepted, or H1 : β11 ≠ 0 is rejected. It means that inflation does significantly affect the distribution of profit-sharing in Islamic banking. So that the hypothesis of the effect of inflation on the provision of profit-sharing in Islamic banking is proven (significantly positive of 1%).
The inflasi regression coefficient of 0.6199 states that for every 1% increase in inflation, the profitsharing in Islamic banking with mudharabah funds will increase by IDR0.6199.

Discussion
The results of the above test show that the factors that can have a statistically significant effect on profitsharing of Islamic banking are: POU (l_pou), KAP, FDR, ROE, BOPO, 3-months deposit interest rate in conventional commercial bank (i), and inflation (inflation). While the factors that are not statistically significant are: Depositor Funds (l_dpk), Return on Assets (roa), and BI rate (bir). If a Sharia Bank wants the level of profit sharing provided to its customers to be competitive, the management of Islamic banks is advised to: 1. To increase the main operating income (POU) by increasing the amount of financing to customers who have Character , Capacity, Capital, Condition and Collateral (5C) and restructuring nonperforming customers (NPF). 2. Maintain financial ratios to comply regulations such as: KAP, FDR, ROE, BOPO. 3. Consider changes in interest rates for three-month deposits of conventional banks (i), and inflation (inflation) in providing profit sharing to customers.
Based on the test results, the effect on the profit sharing of Islamic banking is discussed as follows:

Depositor Funds Variable (l_dpk)
The amount of DPK does not affect the profitsharing in Islamic banking. This is in line with the findings of Tugiantoro (2014) and Vustany (2006), which state that DPK does not affect the customer's profit-sharing, in contrast to the findings of Rachman dkk (2017), which state that the amount of DPK affects the profit-sharing to customers.
When the amount of DPK is proven to not affect the profit-sharing provided by Islamic banks and its competitiveness against conventional banks, it is not recommended for Islamic bank management to continue to increase DPK growth in order to increase its profit-sharing and its competitiveness.

Main Operating Revenue Variable (l_pou)
This study finds that Main Operating Revenue affects profit-sharing in Islamic banking. This is in line with the studies of Tugiantoro (2014), Vustany (2006), which state that Main Operating Revenue influences customer profit-sharing.
Main Operating Revenue is the bank's revenue from the distribution of funds in the form of productive assets. Recognition of bank revenue is based on an accrual and cash basis. The profit-sharing in Islamic banking is based on the revenue received by the bank in cash (cash basis). So, the greater the amount of Main Operating Revenue, the greater the profit-sharing provided by Islamic banks. Main Operating Revenue greatly influences the profitsharing provided by Islamic banks. Therefore, Islamic banks must maintain the quality of their productive assets and avoid defaulted financing so that the expected revenue can be achieved according to the plan. If Islamic bank revenue is high, the profitsharing provided will also high, so that Islamic banks can compete with conventional banks.

Earning Assets based on Collectability Variable (kap)
Earning Asset Quality Ratio has an influence on profit-sharing in Islamic banking. This finding is different from the findings of Tugiantoro (2014) that Non-Performing Financing (NPF) has no effect on the provision of profit-sharing. The NPF in question is the same as the quality or collectability of the earning assets referred to by the author.
This study found that the quality of Earning Assets, expressed in the classification of the ratio of NPF to total earning assets (collectability 2, 3, 4, 5), has an influence on the profit-sharing of Islamic banks. Therefore, Islamic banks must maintain the quality of their earning assets so that they are always performing or have collectability levels 1 and 2 as stipulated by the OJK. The quality of earning assets must always be maintained so that the expected revenue of Islamic banks can be achieved according to plan. If the income of Islamic banks is high, the profitsharing for depositors with mudharabah contracts will also be high, competitive with conventional banks.

Financing to Deposit Ratio Variable (fdr)
FDR has an influence on the profit sharing of Islamic banking, in line with the findings of Vustany (2006), and contrary to the findings of Tugiantoro (2014) which state that FDR has no effect on profit sharing and findings of Astuti (2021) which state that FDR has a positive effect but does not affect the profitability of Islamic banking in Indonesia and Malaysia.
Considering that the FDR ratio affects the profitsharing, Islamic banks are advised to maximize FDR so that they can provide maximum profit sharing and can compete with conventional banks, while still complying with the FDR ratio regulated by the OJK.

Net Return Variable (ni)
Net Returns influences the profit-sharing of Islamic banks. There has been no previous research that measures the influence of the Net Returns Variable (ni) on profit-sharing of Islamic banks.
Given this findings, Islamic Banks are advised to continue to increase this net return ratio. The higher the ni ratio, the better the performance of Islamic banks. That way, Islamic banks will be able to provide higher profit-sharing and increase their competitiveness.

Return on Asset Variable (ROA)
ROA has no effect on profit-sharing in Islamic banks, contrary to Mismiwati (2019) which found that Profit Distribution Management was significantly affected by ROA.
ROA does not affect the profit-sharing provided by Islamic banks. This is due to the fact that most of the banks in the study experienced a decline in revenue, resulting in a decline in Return on Assets, especially after COVID-19 began to hit Indonesia around February 2020. To increase ROA, Islamic Banks must improve their asset structure, especially productive assets with good quality/collectability and can generate maximum profit, to increase revenue and ROA ratio. banks in Indonesia in real terms. The criteria for the scope of this study are commercial banks that carry out full sharia business (BUS) and Sharia Business Units of a Conventional Bank (UUS) with a period starting from the first quarter of 2015 to the fourth quarter of 2020. The conclusions of this study are: Internal factors that influence the profit-sharing provided by Islamic banks are Main Operating Revenue (POU), Financing to Deposit Ratio (FDR), Earning Assets based on Collectability (KAP), Return on Equity (ROE), The ratio of Operating Expenses to Operating Revenue (BOPO), and Net Return (NI). While the internal factors that do not have a significant influence are Return on Assets (ROA) and Depositor Funds (TPF). The management of Islamic banks is advised to keep increasing Main Operating Revenue (POU), improve the quality/collectability of earning assets by always maintaining ratios according to OJK regulations, increase the ratio of Net Returns (NI), Return on Equity (ROE), and keep reducing the BOPO ratio to maximize the level of profit-sharing. The increase in Depositor Funds (DPK) and the high ratio of Return on Assets (ROA) should not be the target of Islamic bank management for increasing their profit-sharing.
External factors that have a significant effect are the three-month deposit interest rate of conventional commercial banks (i) and inflation, while the BI rate (bir) does not affect the profit-sharing provided by Islamic banks. The three-month deposit interest rate for conventional commercial banks (i), as well as inflation data released by BI, can be a reference for the management of Islamic banks if they want to be more competitive with conventional banks. This can be taken into account or become a reference in determining the nisbah that will be given by Islamic banks, because in practice Islamic banks must also compete with conventional banks. Meanwhile, Islamic banks do not need to take into account the BI rate (bir) as a reference for determining the nisbah of Islamic banks.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Gratitude to Allah SWT, the Almighty, for of His grace and mercy, the life He has bestowed, which enabled the author to complete this research. The author dedicates this research to people who have greatly contributed to its completion: Dr. Eng. Saiful Anwar, SE. Ak, CA, M.Si, the Director of the Postgraduate Program of ITB Ahmad Dahlan, Jakarta, and all lecturers of the Islamic Finance Postgraduate Program of ITB Ahmad Dahlan, Jakarta, who have provided support, insight, and understanding of Islamic finance both theoretically and practically.